02403nas a2200205   4500008004100000245012100041210006900162300001200231490000700243520172900250653001401979653002601993653002502019100001802044700002102062700001802083700002102101700002002122856005502142       2004                        eng d00aTreehopper Trees: Phylogeny of Membracidae (Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha: Membracoidea) Based on Molecules and Morphology0 aTreehopper Trees Phylogeny of Membracidae Hemiptera Cicadomorpha  a441-4540 v293 a<p>Recent independent phylogenetic analyses of membracid relationships based on molecular and morphological data have identified monophyletic lineages within the family. However, the results of these studies have not fully resolved treehopper phylogeny, and relationships among some higher membracid lineages remain in doubt. Portions of three datasets (958 aligned nucleotides from elongation factor-1α, 2363 aligned nucleotides from 28S ribosomal DNA, and eighty-three morphological features of adults and nymphs) introduced in recent studies were reanalysed separately and in combination with two new molecular datasets (321 aligned nucleotides from wingless and 1829 aligned nucleotides from 18S ribosomal DNA). The results of the combined data analyses, contrary to previous analyses of morphological data alone, grouped membracids into two well-supported lineages, one comprising Stegaspidinae and Centrotinae, the other comprising Membracinae, Darninae and Smiliinae. The analyses recovered Centrotinae, Membracinae and Darninae as monophyletic groups, but Stegaspidinae was paraphyletic with respect to Centrotinae, and Smiliinae was polyphyletic with Micrutalini placed as a sister group to the clade comprising Membracinae, Darninae and Smiliinae. These results are consistent with the following hypotheses, proposed previously based on an analysis of morphological data: (1) the posterior pronotal process was derived and lost multiple times during the evolution of Membracidae; (2) Membracidae originated in the New World and reached the Old World subsequently via dispersal; (3) maternal care evolved independently multiple times and may or may not have been preceded by the acquisition of ant mutualism.</p>
10amembracid10aPhylogenetic analyses10atreehopper phylogeny1 aCryan, J., R.1 aWiegmann, B., M.1 aDeitz, L., L.1 aDietrich, C., H.1 aWhiting, M., F.  uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6970.2004.00260.x