01761nas a2200229 4500008004100000245007100041210006800112300001200180490000700192520108500199653002601284653001401310653002701324653001501351653002101366653001601387100002201403700001701425700001901442700002201461856004801483 2006 eng d00aDevelopmental Effects of Climate on the Lion's Mane (Panthera leo)0 aDevelopmental Effects of Climate on the Lions Mane Panthera leo a193-2000 v873 a

Lion manes represent a compromise between social benefits and ecological costs. Mane development of Panthera leo varies geographically with prevailing climate, but varying genetics, behavior and social systems, and nutrition may all influence such broad-scale correlations. We studied captive lions housed comparably across 12 degrees of latitude in North America and correlated mane variation with climatic, life-history, and husbandry variables. As predicted from heat-load considerations, mane length and density were inversely correlated with temperature; color variation was unrelated. Mane development was correlated with January but not July conditions, suggesting a stronger response to cold than to heat. Climate-induced variation in manes of captives accounted for up to 50% of variation seen. Developmental effects of climate appear to be responsible for many of the taxonomic names applied to African lions and may signify important biological differences between modern and Pleistocene lions.

10adevelopmental effects10alion mane10aPanthera leophenotypic10aplasticity10asexual selection10atemperature1 aPatterson, B., D.1 aKays, R., W.1 aKasiki, S., M.1 aSebestyen, V., M. uhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-MAMM-A-226R2.102205nas a2200229 4500008004100000245011900041210006900160300001200229490000700241520153100248653001101779653001301790653001001803653000901813653001301822653001601835100002201851700001901873700001601892700001701908856005001925 2004 eng d00aLivestock Predation by Lions (Panthera leo) and Other Carnivors on Ranches Neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya0 aLivestock Predation by Lions Panthera leo and Other Carnivors on a507-5160 v193 a

Lion depredations on livestock are largely responsible for their conflicts with humans and for the historic collapse of their geographic range. Understanding of patterns associated with such predation can be used to mitigate its effects and promote more stable coexistence of lions and humans. We analyzed attacks on livestock over a four-years period on two neighboring arid-land ranches adjoining Tsavo East National Park, Kenya. A total of 312 attacks claiming 433 head of stock were examined. Lions were responsible for 85.9% of the attacks; hyenas and cheetahs were the other predators responsible. Lions and hyenas attacked mainly cattle and did so at night, whereas cheetahs almost exclusively took smaller sheep and goats. There was no temporal autocorrelation of daily losses, suggesting that the attacks are independent events. Both number of attacks and number of stock killed showed significant seasonal differences, and their monthly totals correlated positively with precipitation. Intensified predation in the wet season differs from patterns of lion predation elsewhere but reinforces the pattern that large carnivores take more livestock when native prey are most difficult to find and kill. On average, wildlife attacks claimed 2.4% of range stock annually, and livestock represented ca. 5.8% of the diet of ranch lions. This predation represented 2.6% of the herd’s estimated economic value, and cost the ranch $8749 per annum. Each lion cost ranchers approximately $290 per year in depredations.

10aCattle10aConflict10aKenya10aLion10aPredator10aSeasonality1 aPatterson, B., D.1 aKasaki, S., M.1 aSelempo, E.1 aKays, R., W. uhttp://dx.doi.org/0.1016/j.biocon.2004.01.013