The Rose Road Localities, Town of Pitcairn, St. Lawrence County New York: Part 5—Special Topics - Chamberlain, S. C.; Walter, M. R.; Bailey, D. G.; Emproto, C. R.; Robinson, G. W.; Chiarenzelli, J. R.; M. V. Lupulescu (Rocks & Minerals, 2022)

Comment on Aleinikoff et al. (2021) – “New interpretations of the ages and origins of the Hawkeye granite Gneiss and Lyon Mountain granite Gneiss, Adirondack Mountains, NY: Implications for the nature and timing of Mesoproterozoic plutonism, metamorphism, - J.R. Chiarenzelli; S.P. Regan; M. V. Lupulescu; W.H. Peck; J.M. Hanchar (Precambrian Research, 2022)

Cultural Resource Phase III Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 8393.24.321, O’Donnell Site (USN 02705.000286), New York State Route 376 at Robinson Lane, Town of East Fishkill, Dutchess County, New York - Clark, H. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Addendum Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1089.73.101, US Route 4 Over the Hudson River Bridge Replacement Project, Town of Northumberland, Saratoga County, New York - B. R. Dale (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Archaeological Site Examination of the Wild Parsnip 2 Site (USN 01103.000092), PIN 3314.34.101 Bridge Replacement NYS Route 34 over Erie Barge Canal, Town of Cato, Cayuga County, New York - B. R. Dale (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Archaeological Survey, PIN 9120.64.121, NY 23 over Unadilla River Bridge Replacement, Towns of Butternuts, Morris, and New Berlin, Chenango and Otsego Counties, New York - R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

On the relationship between collagen- and carbonate-derived carbon isotopes with implications for the inference of carnivore dietary behavior - DeSantis, .L. R.G.; R. S. Feranec; Southon, J.; Cerling, T. E.; Harris, J.; Binder, W. J.; Cohen, J. E.; Farrell, A. B.; Lindsey, E. L.; Meachen, J.; Robin O'Keefe, F.; Takeuchi, G. T. (Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 2022)
Studies of Rancho La Brea predators have yielded disparate dietary interpretations when analyzing bone collagen vs. enamel carbonate—requiring a better understanding of the relationship between stable carbon isotopes in these tissues. Stable carbon isotope spacing between collagen and carbonate (Δ ca-co ) has also been used as a proxy for inferring the trophic level of mammals, with higher Δ ca-co values indicative of high carbohydrate consumption. To clarify the stable isotope ecology of carnivorans, past and present, we analyzed bone collagen (carbon and nitrogen) and enamel carbonate (carbon) of extinct and extant North American felids and canids, including dire wolves, sabertooth cats, coyotes, and pumas, supplementing these with data from African wild dogs and African lions. Our results reveal that Δ ca-co values are positively related to enamel carbonate values in secondary consumers and are less predictive of trophic level. Results indicate that the foraging habitat and diet of prey affects Δ ca-co in carnivores, like herbivores. Average Δ ca-co values in Pleistocene canids (8.7+/−1‰) and felids (7.0+/−0.7‰) overlap with previously documented extant herbivore Δ ca-co values suggesting that trophic level estimates may be relative to herbivore Δ ca-co values in each ecosystem and not directly comparable between disparate ecosystems. Physiological differences between felids and canids, ontogenetic dietary differences, and diagenesis at Rancho La Brea do not appear to be primary drivers of Δ ca-co offsets. Environmental influences affecting protein and fat consumption in prey and subsequently by predators, and nutrient routing to tissues may instead be driving Δ ca-co offsets in extant and extinct mammals.

Archaeological Site Examination of the Sugar Creek Archaeological Site, PIN 6048.28.122, New York 248 over Sugar Creek, Town of Canisteo, Steuben County, New York - Dobbin, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Archaeological Survey, PIN 7807.15.121, Intersection Safety Improvements, NY 3 at NY 178, Town of Henderson, Jefferson County, New York - Dobbin, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Archaeological Monitoring Report, PIN 3806.47.121, New York State Route 49 ADA Sidewalk Replacement, Town of Constantia, Oswego County, New York - Dubuque, J.; A. Lynch; D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Surficial Geology of the Alcove 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany and Greene Counties, New York - Frieman, R.A.; Grasing, S.P.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2022)

Surficial Geology of the Greenville 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany and Greene Counties, New York - Frieman, R.A.; Grasing, S.P.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2022)

Juan Labranz cave: a quaternary deposit in the central Iberian peninsula - Garcia Garcia, Nuria; Del Cueto Bárez, Sergio; De Gaspar, Ignacio; Prieto, Santiago; Laplana, César; Pellicena, M Ángeles-Pellicena; Huguet, Rosa; Blázquez-Orta, Raquel; Jimenez Carmonaa, Israel Jesus; Del Valle, Héctor; Pérez, Sebastián-Díaz; R. S. Feranec; et al. (Historical Biology, 2022)

Oldest known West Gondwanan graptolite: Ovetograptus? sp. (lower Agdzian/lowest Wuliuan; basal Middle Cambrian) of the Franconian Forest, Germany, and review of pre-Furongian graptolithoids - Geyer, G.; E. Landing; Meier, S.; Höhn, S. (PalZ, 2022)
The occurrence of a likely graptolite in lowest Wuliuan strata of the Franconian Forest almost certainly records the oldest known graptolithoid hemichordate in West Gondwana and possibly the oldest graptolite presently known. The fossil is a delicate, erect, apparently unbranched rhabdosome with narrow thecae tentatively assigned to the poorly known genus Ovetograptus of the Dithecodendridae. This report includes an overview of pre-Furongian graptolithoids with slight corrections on the stratigraphic position of earlier reported species.

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Archaeological Survey, PIN 1810.90.121, SFY 2023 Culvert Program, NY 9N Culvert C098969, Town of Jay, Essex County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Phase III Data Recovery Investigation and Alternate Mitigation of the Chodubski Archaeological Site (New York State Museum Site #12134, USN 07540.000579), PIN 3045.55.221, New York State Route 104, Town of Scriba and City of Oswego, Oswego County, New Yor - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Site Examination of the Alvinza Finney Site (USN 09114.000080) and Northumberland Carriage Shop Site (09114.000079), PIN 1089.73.101, United States Route 4 over the Hudson River, Town of Northumberland, Saratoga County, New York - A. Gore; B. R. Dale (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Dating of Meadowcroft Rockshelter Maize - J. P. Hart; Adovasio, J M (Radiocarbon, 2022)
The Meadowcroft Rockshelter in southwestern Pennsylvania is best known for its pre-Clovis occupation. Potentially important for later times is the recovery of maize macrobotanical remains from higher strata dating as early as the 4th century BC based on radiometric radiocarbon (14C) dates on wood charcoal. These remains have been considered to be potentially as old as the earliest microbotanical evidence for maize in Michigan, New York and Québec recovered from directly dated charred cooking residues adhering to pottery. The results of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating 17 samples from maize specimens from all Meadowcroft strata producing maize, indicate that the specimens originated from historical use of the shelter, most likely after AD 1800. These results further emphasize the need to obtain direct dates on maize macrobotanical remains recovered from early contexts prior to the development and common use of AMS dating.
Keywords: AMS dating; chronology; maize; paleobotany

The Monongahela tradition in “real time”: Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates - J. P. Hart; Means, Bernard K. (PLOS ONE, 2022)
Despite advances in techniques, methods, and theory, northeastern North American archaeologists continue to use early to mid-twentieth century culture historical taxa as units of analysis and narrative. There is a distinct need to move away from this archaeological practice to enable fuller understandings of past human lives. One tool that enables such a move is Bayesian analysis of radiocarbon dates, which provides a means of constructing continuous chronologies. A large dataset of radiocarbon dates for late prehistoric (ca AD 900/1000–1650) sites in the lower upper Ohio River basin in southwestern Pennsylvania and adjacent portions of Maryland, Ohio, and West Virginia is used here as an example. The results allow a preliminary assessment of how the settlement plans of contemporaneous villages varied considerably, reflecting decisions of the village occupants how to structure built environments to meet their needs.

Phaseolus vulgaris Seeds from the Late Sixteenth–Early Seventeenth Century AD Ancestral Oneida Diable Site, New York - J. P. Hart (Ethnobiology Letters, 2022)
The ethnohistorical, ethnographic, and contemporary literatures all suggest that common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) was an important component of Northern Iroquoian agronomic systems and diets. Seemingly at odds with this is the sparse occurrence of whole and partial common bean seeds on fourteenth through seventeenth century AD village sites. The recovery of a large quantity of whole and partial bean seeds from the ancestral Oneida Diable site, dated here to between AD 1583 and 1626 with a Bayesian model using seven new AMS radiocarbon dates, provides clues as to when large quantities of rehydrated/cooked common bean seeds may occur in the archaeological record.

Tracing Maize History in Northern Iroquoia Through Radiocarbon Date Summed Probability Distributions - J. P. Hart (Open Archaeology, 2022)
The evolution of maize as an organism, its spread as an agricultural crop, and the evolution of Native American maize-based agricultural systems are topics of research throughout the Western Hemisphere. Maize was adopted in Northern Iroquoia, comprising portions of present-day New York, Ontario, and Québec by 300 BC. By the fourteenth-century AD, maize accounted for >50 to >70% of ancestral Iroquoian diets. Was this major commitment to maize agriculture a gradual incremental evolution, or was there a rapid increase in commitment to maize-based agriculture around AD 1000 as traditional archaeological narratives suggest? Summed probability distributions of direct radiocarbon dates on maize macrobotanical remains and cooking residues containing maize phytoliths combined with maize macrobotanical maize densities at sites and previously published stable isotope values on human bone collagen used with Bayesian dietary mixing models and cooking residues show an initial increase in maize use at AD 1200–1250 and a subsequent increase at AD 1400–1450. These results indicate maize history in Northern Iroquoia followed an exponential growth curve, consistent with Rindos’ (1984) model of agricultural evolution.
Keywords: Bayesian dietary mixing models; maize agriculture evolution; northern Iroquoia; radiocarbon dating; summed probability distributions

Editorial - Herr, S.; C. B. Rieth; van der Linde, S. (Advances in Archaeological Practice, 2022)

Commemoration: The American Association for State and Local History Guide edited by Seth C. Bruggeman - Lander, D. R. (New York History, 2022)

Discussion of ‘Reply to “Uppermost Cambrian carbon chemostratigraphy: the HERB and undocumented TOCE events are not synonymous”’Abstract - E. Landing; Ripperdan, R. L.; Geyer, G. (Geological Magazine, 2022)
No basis for controversy exists in the naming of a global, strongly negative, uppermost Cambrian carbon isotope (δ13C) excursion. The HERB Event (HERB) has met the standards for chemostratigraphic units (i.e. consistent biostratigraphic brackets, content and concept) since 1992. By comparison, the TOCE excursion morphed through four temporally distinct δ13C events with spike-like nadirs that shifted temporally through the uppermost Cambrian until its synonymization with HERB (2006–12). In 2018, TOCE became a prolonged interval with very early onset and enveloped HERB – meaning five TOCE homonyms have been unambiguously defined and figured. HERB lies in the high-diversity ptychaspid biomere (trilobites) and below the ptychaspid extinction. But, data on it were used in TOCE’s 2006 proposal and in later iterations (2008, 2012) to show it (1) higher, both at and above the ptychaspid extinction; (2) at the level of HERB (2012, 2018); and (3) even extending well below HERB (2018). TOCE fails the recommendations for a formal chemostratigraphic unit. Its relationship to latest Cambrian biotic turnover includes equation with extinction and high-diversity intervals. One TOCE homonym is a synonym, albeit junior, of HERB.

Greater Avalonia—latest Ediacaran–Ordovician “peribaltic” terrane bounded by continental margin prisms (“Gander,” Harlech Dome, Meguma): Review, tectonic implications, and paleogeography - E. Landing; Keppie, J. Duncan; Keppie, D. Fraser; Geyer, Gerd; Westrop, Stephen R. (Earth-Science Reviews, 2022)
Distinctive uppermost Ediacaran–Ordovician rocks (Avalonian overstep sequence) were key in definition of Avalonia, which comprises large areas of the NE Appalachians and the Caledonian and Variscan mountains (Britain and western Europe). This siliciclastic-dominated cover succession unconformably overlies a Neoproterozoic pre-Avalonian basement collage (arc, continental, oceanic fragments; Gwna-type melanges [now Rhode Island–Maritime Canada–North Wales]). Rather than an arc–transform transition, our new model proposes that the Avalonian basement was amalgamated after inferred late Ediacaran ridge-trench collision that initiated the northerly–southerly trending Avalonian transform fault (Atf, new). Avalonia is commonly regarded as originating as an arc marginal to Gondwana in the early Paleozoic and detached only in the Ordovician. We review multiple lines of evidence that show it was an insular microcontinent; this require revisions of Ediacaran–early Paleozoic paleogeography and plate tectonics models. Detrital zircon isotopic data show an Avalonia–Baltica link to the Neoproterozoic Timanian orogen, with Avalonia a peribaltic, not perigondwanan, terrane. The Avalonian basement detached from Baltica and rotated parallel to the Atf, with its origin similar to the modern Scotia Sea plate (i.e., North Scotia Ridge and transform) by accumulation of Neoproterozoic arc and continental fragments on the transform. Deposition of the cover sequence beginning ca. 552 Ma in pull-apart basins on the basement marked origin of the Avalonia ribbon-microcontinent. The cover succession, with ten unconformity-bounded depositional sequences, extends for ca. 5000 km (eastern Massachusetts–Silesia). Avalonia is bounded on its NW and SE by siliciclastic rocks (i.e., Gander and Meguma belts with an Ordovician arc in Gander) that were continental margin prisms coeval with the overstep sequence. Endemic Avalonian lower Lower Cambrian (Terraneuvian–lower Series 2, ca. 538–510 Ma) faunas, dropstones, absence of archaeocyaths, and minor shallow-water carbonates suggest an isolated location at ≥50° S. Only in the latest Early Cambrian (ca. 506 Ma) do Avalonian faunas show NW African, “Gondwanan” affinities with Avalonia-Gondwana convergence on the Atf. A longer (ca. 28 Ma, Middle Cambrian–Tremadocian) faunal similarity links temperate Avalonia and Baltica as terranes on the same plate. An insular Avalonia is consistent with a Middle Cambrian, ca. 49° S latitude (Cape Breton Island) location—its only reliable Cambrian paleomagnetic datum. Meso- and Paleoproterozoic zircons do not record nearby West Gondwana margins, but were eroded from Avalonian basement. Purported “Ganderian” plutonic zircons and whole rock signatures in SW New Brunswick indicate heterogeneity between Avalonian basement blocks, not a “Ganderia” affinity before a purported transfer of parts of Avalonia to “Ganderia.” Coeval extensional and collisional igneous rocks along the Atf is seen in regions of transform faulting and do not allow reference of Avalonian areas to “Ganderia.” Avalonia should not be shown as part of West Gondwana or separating from it in the Ordovician.
Keywords: Avalonia; Avalonian transform fault; Cambrian; Ediacaran; Ordovician; West Gondwana

Trans-Avalonian green–black boundary (early Middle Cambrian): transform fault-driven epeirogeny and onset of 26 m.y. of shallow marine anoxia in Avalonia (Rhode Island–Belgium) and Baltica - E. Landing; Westrop, S. R.; Geyer, G. (Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022)
The Avalonia microcontinent has diagnostic terminal Ediacaran–Ordovician lithostratigraphy, depositional sequence architecture, and igneous activity that extends for 2000+ km and reflects epeirogeny related to the Avalonian transform fault. Avalonia records an abrupt early Middle Cambrian (late Wuliuan) change from green, purple, or light grey to overlying black, dark grey, and brown facies in platform and off-platform areas (Meguma, North Wales). This change within one trilobite zone marks onset of ca. 26 m.y. of shallow-marine anoxia/strong dysoxia lasting into the Ordovician with Hatch Hill OMZ onlap onto the shelf. A Bakken model (new, based on the middle Paleozoic Bakken Formation) is applied to shallow-shelf–shoreline organic-rich mud deposition. Erosion of greenish Avalonian depositional sequence (Ads) 7 was followed by Ads 8 tilting, volcanism, debris flows, and bentonite deposition on a cryptic unconformity in SE Newfoundland. The early Middle Cambrian age of the Ads 7–8 boundary is obscured by referring the lower Manuels River Formation and Cristallinium cambriense Zone to the younger Drumian Stage. Ads 8 has thin ashes in coterminous British and American Avalonia where erosion and subaerial exposure with caliche development preceded onlap of upper Middle or Upper Cambrian Ads 9 black muds and sands. The green–black change emphasizes Avalonian unity; it precludes multiple Avalonian “micro-terranes” or assigning parts of Avalonia to West Gondwana or “Ganderia” (the Little River, Brookville, and Bras d’Or “terranes” are part of the Avalonian marginal platform). Coeval green–black transitions and similar later Cambrian faunas show comparable paleoenvironments in Avalonia and Baltica.

Strike the Hammer: The Black Freedom Struggle in Rochester, New York, 1940–1970 by Laura Warren Hill - J. A. Lemak (New York History, 2022)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 8122.20.101, New York State Route 212 Main Street Bridge and Sidewalk Replacement, Town of Woodstock, Ulster County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Architectural Survey, PIN 2LC1.31.101, NY Route 46 over Clark Brook, Culvert C270037, Town of Ava, Oneida County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Report, An Architectural Analysis of The Chodubski Site Alternate Mitigation (NYSM #12134), PIN 3045.55.221, New York State Route 104, Town of Scriba and City of Oswego, Oswego County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Structure Documentation, PIN 8LC3.11.101, NY Route 199 over Tributary to Shekomeko Creek (CIN C824084), Town of Pine Plains, Dutchess County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resources Architectural Survey, PIN 3057.68.121 New York State Route 13, Delaware Avenue to Prospect Terrace, City of Cortland, Cortland County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resources Screening, PIN 5512.52.101 New York State Route 33, Kensington Expressway, City of Buffalo, Erie County, New York - M.S. LoRusso; D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Historic American Engineering Record Documentation of the Livingston Avenue Bridge Spanning the Hudson River (PIN 1935.49.171), City of Albany, Albany County and City of Rensselaer, Rensselaer County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Historic American Engineering Record Level II Documentation of PIN 5111.77.121, US Route 20 Bridge over Cazenovia Creek (BIN 1015520), Towns of West Seneca and Elma, Erie County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1124.42.121, New York State Route 23A over Kaaterskill Creek, Town of Catskill, Greene County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1124.42.121, New York State Route 23A over Kaaterskill Creek, Town of Catskill, Greene County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2806.38.121, New York State Route 67 Intersection Improvements, Town of Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2806.38.121, New York State Route 67 Intersection Improvements, Town of Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Site Examination Investigations, Clizbe Site and DeGraff Site, PIN 2806.38.121, NY 67 Intersection Improvements, Clizbe Road at Widow Susan Road, Town of Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York - A. Lynch; B. R. Dale; R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 2806.38.121, New York State Route 67 Intersection Improvements, Town of Amsterdam, Montgomery County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

The atomic arrangement and electronic interactions in vonsenite at 295, 100, and 90 K - Maderazzo, Marc; Hughes, John M.; Dyar, M. Darby; Rossman, George R.; Ackley, Brandon J.; Sklute, Elizabeth C.; M. V. Lupulescu; Chiarenzelli, Jeffrey (American Mineralogist, 2022)
Vonsenite, Fe2+2Fe22+Fe3+O2BO3, has been the subject of many studies in the materials science and condensed matter physics communities due to interest in the electronic and magnetic properties and ordering behavior of the phase. One such study, undertaken on synthetic material of end-member composition, reports X-ray diffraction structure refinements that indicate a phase transition from Pbam to Pbnm at or just below ~283 K, determined subsequently to arise from a Peierls-like instability. To compare the stability of the natural phase with that of synthetic material, we performed high-precision X-ray crystal-structure analyses at 295, 100, and 90 K (R1 = 0.0119, 0.0186, and 0.0183, respectively), Mössbauer spectroscopy at 295, 220, 150, 80, and 4.2 K, and wavelength-dispersive electron microprobe analysis on a vonsenite of near-end-member composition from Jayville, New York, U.S.A. The Pbnm structure is observed at 100 and 90 K, suggesting similar phase stability for the natural and synthetic phases. Comparison of Mössbauer data and X-ray site occupancies between the natural and synthetic phases suggests a reinterpretation of Mössbauer site assignments. We conclude that the Peierls-like instability underlying the reported transition from Pbam to Pbnm in synthetic material also occurs in our specimen of natural near-end-member vonsenite at temperatures between 295 and 100 K.

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Archaeological Survey, PIN 2118.07.121, NY 28 over Rock River (BIN 1020300), Town of Indian Lake, Hamilton County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 0059.28.101, Oakdale Merge Improvement Project, Town of Islip, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Archaeological Site Examination of the Rock Stream Multicomponent Site (USN 09707.000027), PIN 6001.25.121, BIN 1011060, New York 14A over Rock Stream, Town of Reading, Schuyler County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2236.28.121, New York State Route 29 over Caroga Creek, Town of Ephratah, Fulton County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 5814.50.121, NY Route 60 from US Route 20 to NY Route 83, Town of Pomfret, Chautauqua County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 5814.50.121, NY Route 60 from US Route 20 to NY Route 83, Town of Pomfret, Chautauqua County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Site Examinations, PIN 5814.50.121, NY Route 60 from US Route 20 to NY Route 83, Town of Pomfret, Chautauqua County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

The Cambrian (Furongian) olenid trilobite Peltura from Avalonian Nova Scotia, Canada, with a review of some species from Baltica - Nguyen, J. J.; Westrop, S. R.; E. Landing (Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2022)
The Cambrian olenid trilobite Peltura Milne-Edwards, 1840 is widespread in the Furongian strata of the Cambrian continents of Baltica and Avalonia, and has played a significant role in biostratigraphic zonations for both regions. Despite this importance, the genus is poorly known in Avalonian Canada. New collections from the Chelsey Drive Group on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, yielded numerous sclerites of a new species, Peltura hutchinsoni sp. nov., that may also occur in the Parabolina lobata Zone of Baltica. Archival specimens from Sweden and Norway allow the revision of Pelturascarabaeoides (Wahlenberg, 1821) and Pelturaacutidens Brögger, 1882, respectively.

Capture of Lyre Goby (Pisces: Oxudercidae) in the Tidal Hudson River - Schmidt, R. E.; J. J Wright; Muller, J. (Northeastern Naturalist, 2022)
We report the presence of Evorthodus lyricus (Lyre Goby) in a Hudson River tidal wetland in Yonkers, Westchester County, NY. This is the first record for this species in the Hudson River and the first published record north of the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. We also provide an identification key to the Oxudercidae and Gobiidae of the Hudson River.

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 1124.42.121, New York State Route 23A over Kaaterskill Creek, Town of Catskill, Greene County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 1124.42.121, New York State Route 23A over Kaaterskill Creek, Town of Catskill, Greene County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 2236.28.121, NY Route 29 over Caroga Creek Bridge Replacement, Town of Ephrata, Fulton County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2016.80.121, NY Route 12 Boonville Safety Project, Village of Boonville, Oneida County, New York - Sobik, C. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2016.80.121, NY Route 12 Boonville Safety Project, Village of Boonville, Oneida County, New York - Sobik, C. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Addendum Archaeological Survey of PIN 2023.34.101, New York State Route 69 over Sauquoit Creek, Town of Whitesboro, Oneida County, New York - D. Staley (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Archaeological Data Recovery and Construction Monitoring, PIN 2805.32.322, Safety Project 12 NY 5S: Broadway to Broad Street, City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - D. Staley (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Comparative Population Genomics of Cryptic Speciation and Adaptive Divergence in Bicknell’s and Gray-Cheeked Thrushes (Aves:Catharus bicknelli and Catharus minimus) - Termignoni-Garcia, Flavia; J. J. Kirchman; Clark, Johnathan; Edwards, Scott V (Genome Biology and Evolution, 2022)
Cryptic speciation may occur when reproductive isolation is recent or the accumulation of morphological differences between sister lineages is slowed by stabilizing selection preventing phenotypic differentiation. In North America, Bicknell’s Thrush (Catharus bicknelli) and its sister species, the Gray-cheeked Thrush (Catharus minimus), are parapatrically breeding migratory songbirds, distinguishable in nature only by subtle differences in song and coloration, and were recognized as distinct species only in the 1990s. Previous molecular studies have estimated that the species diverged approximately 120,000–420,000 YBP and found very low levels of introgression despite their similarity and sympatry in the spring (prebreeding) migration. To further clarify the history, genetic divergence, genomic structure, and adaptive processes in C. bicknelli and C. minimus, we sequenced and assembled high-coverage reference genomes of both species and resequenced genomes from population samples of C. bicknelli, C. minimus, and two individuals of the Swainson’s Thrush (Catharus ustulatus). The genome of C. bicknelli exhibits markedly higher abundances of transposable elements compared with other Catharus and chicken. Demographic and admixture analyses confirm moderate genome-wide differentiation (Fst ≈ 0.10) and limited gene flow between C. bicknelli and C. minimus, but suggest a more recent divergence than estimates based on mtDNA. We find evidence of rapid evolution of the Z-chromosome and elevated divergence consistent with natural selection on genomic regions near genes involved with neuronal processes in C. bicknelli. These genomes are a useful resource for future investigations of speciation, migration, and adaptation in Catharus thrushes.

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 2016.80.121, NY Route 12 Boonville Safety Project, Village of Boonville, Oneida County, New York - T. Thomas (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 2016.80.121, NY Route 12 Boonville Safety Project, Village of Boonville, Oneida County, New York - T. Thomas (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 3169.05.121, NY Route 34B (Ridge Road) Bridge over Salmon Creek, Town of Lansing, Tompkins County, New York - T. Thomas; M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2022)

Phylogenomic analysis of the bowfin (Amia calva) reveals unrecognized species diversity in a living fossil lineage - J. J Wright; Bruce, S. A.; Sinopoli, D .A.; Palumbo, J. R.; Stewart, D. J. (Scientific Reports, 2022)
The Bowfin (Amia calva), as currently recognized, represents the sole living member of the family Amiidae, which dates back to approximately 150 Ma. Prior to 1896, 13 species of extant Bowfins had been described, but these were all placed into a single species with no rationale or analysis given. This situation has persisted until the present day, with little attention given to re-evaluation of those previously described nominal forms. Here, we present a phylogenomic analysis based on over 21,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 94 individuals that unambiguously demonstrates the presence of at least two independent evolutionary lineages within extant Amia populations that merit species-level standing, as well as the possibility of two more. These findings not only expand the recognizable species diversity in an iconic, ancient lineage, but also demonstrate the utility of such methods in addressing previously intractable questions of molecular systematics and phylogeography in slowly evolving groups of ancient fishes.

Surficial Geology of the Mecklenburg 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Schuyler and Tompkins Counties, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Trumansburg 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Cayuga, Schuyler, Seneca and Tompkins Counties, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski; Grasing, S.P.; Alrubay, A. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Conflict, Population Movement, and Microscale Social Networks in Northern Iroquoian Archaeology - Birch, J.; J. P. Hart (American Antiquity, 2021)
We employ social network analysis of collar decoration on Iroquoian vessels to conduct a multiscalar analysis of signaling practices among ancestral Huron-Wendat communities on the north shore of Lake Ontario. Our analysis focuses on the microscale of the West Duffins Creek community relocation sequence as well as the mesoscale, incorporating several populations to the west. The data demonstrate that network ties were stronger among populations in adjacent drainages as opposed to within drainage-specific sequences, providing evidence for west-to-east population movement, especially as conflict between Wendat and Haudenosaunee populations escalated in the sixteenth century. These results suggest that although coalescence may have initially involved the incorporation of peoples from microscale (local) networks, populations originating among wider mesoscale (subregional) networks contributed to later coalescent communities. These findings challenge previous models of village relocation and settlement aggregation that oversimplified these processes.
Keywords: ancestral Wendat archaeology; multiscalar analysis; settlement systems; Social network analysis; Village removal sequences

Surficial Geology of the Brewerton 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Onondaga and Oswego Counties, New York - Bird, B. C.; Pair, D. L.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Cicero 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Onondaga and Oswego Counties, New York - Bird, B. C.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Another Side of Onondaga: Seneca River Sites, ca. A.D. 1000 to 1600 - Bradley, J.W.; J. P. Hart (Archaeology of Eastern North America, 2021)
The area between the Montezuma marshes and Oneida Lake has one of the densest concentrations of Indigenous sites in New York. Many of these are located in the northern portion of Onondaga County between the well-known locales of Jacks Reef and Brewerton. Several of these sites, excavated by William Ritchie, James Tuck, and others, have provided the basis for much of our understanding of the Indigenous presence on and uses of these riverine lowlands during the Holocene. These Seneca River sites provide a different perspective on patterns of settlement and resource use in this portion of the Lake Ontario Plain between approximately AD 1000 and 1600. They also serve as a counterpoint to the better-known Onondaga-related Iroquoian sites located in the southern portion of Onondaga County, especially in the Pompey Hills.

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey and Site Examination, Addendum, PIN 9056.48.101, NY Route 8 Safety Improvement Project, Lamb’s Corners Precontact Site, USN 01703.000180, Town of Columbus, Chenango County, New York - J. S. Cardinal (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1085.46.101, NY Route 146 over the Normanskill, Town of Guilderland, Albany County, New York - J. S. Cardinal (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

The Rose Road Localities, Town of Pitcairn, St. Lawrence County, New York: Part 3–Minerals of the Wollastonite Skarn - Chamberlain, Steven C.; Walter, Michael R.; Robinson, George W.; Bailey, David G.; Emproto, Christopher R.; M. V. Lupulescu; Chiarenzelli, Jeffrey R. (Rocks & Minerals, 2021)
The Wollastonite Skarn northeast of Pitcairn has been a productive locality for mineral collectors for nearly 140 years. It is still an active fee locality and one worth visiting. We have detailed the history (Chamberlain et al. 2018) and geology (Chiarenzelli et al. 2019) in the first two parts of this series of articles. Here we examine the mineralogy of the Wollastonite Skarn in detail.

The Rose Road Localities, Town of Pitcairn, St. Lawrence County New York: Part 4—Minerals of the Purple Diopside Mound - S. C. Chamberlain; Walter, M. R.; Bailey, D. G.; J. R. Chiarenzelli; Emproto, C. R.; Robinson, G. W.; M. V. Lupulescu (Rocks & Minerals, 2021)
The Purple Diopside Mound is almost newly discovered (2012) compared to the adjacent Wollastonite Skarn, which has been a productive locality for mineral collectors for nearly 140 years. Both have common ownership and remain active fee localities well worth visiting. We have detailed the history (Chamberlain et al. 2018) and geology (Chiarenzelli et al. 2019) in the first two parts of this series of articles. Here we examine the mineralogy of the Purple Diopside Mound in detail.

Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 2134.41.321, NY Routes 5, 8, & 12, North-South Arterial Reconstruction, The N.A. White and Sons Pottery Site, City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - B. R. Dale (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Addendum, PIN 3314.34.101 NY Route 34 over Barge Canal, Towns of Brutus and Cato, Cayuga County, New York - B. R. Dale; Dubuque, J. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Site Examination, PIN 2023.34.101, NY Route 69 over the Sauquoit Creek, Original Sauquoit Creek Aqueduct Site (06542.000027), Village of Whitesboro, Town of Whitestown, Oneida County, New York - B. R. Dale; H. Clark; Sobik, C. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 6010.19.121, Bridge Replacement (BIN 1026940) NY State Route 54 over Willow Grove Creek, Town of Milo, Yates County, New York - R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Schaghticoke, New York: A Nineteenth Century Mill Town; Domestic, Commercial, and Industrial Site Archaeology along the Hoosic River - R. Dean; M.J. Lenardi; M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resources Survey Program Series 9, 2021)

Dietary ecology of the scimitar-toothed cat Homotherium serum - DeSantis, L.R.G.; R. S. Feranec; Antón, M.; Lundelius, E. L. (Current Biology, 2021)
The scimitar-toothed cat Homotherium was one of the most cosmopolitan cats of the Pleistocene, present throughout Eurasia, Africa, and the Americas until at least ~28 thousand years ago. Friesenhahn Cave (Bexar County, Texas) contains some of the best-preserved specimens of Homotherium serum alongside an abundance of juvenile mammoths, leading some to argue that H. serum preferentially hunted juvenile mammoths.Dietary data of Homotherium are rare, with their ecology inferred from morphological, taphonomic, and genetic data. Here, we use a multi-proxy approach to clarify the dietary ecology of H. serum as compared to extinct and extant cats and their relatives. Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) reveals that H. serum consumed soft and tough foods, similar to the extant cheetah, which actively avoids bone, but in stark contrast to extant lions and hyenas, which are observed to engage in durophagy (i.e., bone processing). DMTA data are consistent with taphonomic evidence of bone defleshing and the absence of bone-crunching behavior in H. serum. Stable carbon isotope values of H. serum indicate a clear preference for C4 grazers including juvenile mammoths, in agreement with taphonomic evidence suggestive of a Homotherium den and morphological data indicative of a relatively cursorial lifestyle. Notably, the inferred diet of H. serum contrasts with the extinct dirk-tooth sabertooth cat Smilodon fatalis, which preferred forest/woodland prey and engaged in bone processing. Homotherium serum exhibited a novel combination of morphological adaptations for acquiring open-country prey, consuming their soft and tough flesh—including the tough flesh of juvenile mammoths.
Keywords: carnivore; dental microwear; dietary ecology; felid; mammoth; Mammuthus; Pleistocene; Predator; sabertooth; Stable isotopes

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 6048.28.121, NY Route 248 over Sugar Creek (BIN 1043240), Town of Canisteo, Steuben County, New York - Dobbin, S.; J. F. Pasquini (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Sources and Significance of Pipestone Artifacts from Fort Ancient Sites - P. B. Drooker (Midcontinenetal Journal of Archaeology, 2021)
Red-stone artifacts, primarily pipes, have come from at least 18 Fort Ancient sites, plus many less-well-provenienced locations within Fort Ancient territory. Most appear to have been made of easily carved “pipestones.” Thanks to portable infrared mineral analyzer (PIMA) analysis by Thomas Emerson and colleagues at the Illinois State Archaeological Survey (ISAS), we now know the material source areas for over 80 museum-curated red pipestone artifacts from 16 Fort Ancient sites and related localities, as well as for a selection of nonred pipestone artifacts from the region. Only two material sources were identified: catlinite from southwestern Minnesota and Feurt Hill kaolinite flint clay from southern Ohio. Forms and disposition of the relatively few catlinite artifacts indicate interaction was taking place between Fort Ancient and Oneota peoples from at least the fourteenth to mid-fifteenth centuries onward. Red and speckled nonred Feurt Hill pipestone artifacts provide evidence of intraregional interaction.

Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 2134.41.321, NY Routes 5, 8, & 12, North-South Arterial Reconstruction, 1019 Sunset Avenue Site (06540.001687; NYSM #12185), City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - Dubuque, J.; H. Clark; A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 9TCR.22.121, Culvert Block Replacement, Town of Colesville, Broome County, New York - Dubuque, J. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

14C Dates and Stable Isotope Ecology of Marine Vertebrates in the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene Champlain Sea - R. S. Feranec; Cournoyer, M. E.; A. L. Kozlowski (Radiocarbon, 2021)
The late Pleistocene to early Holocene Champlain Sea provides a unique opportunity to study the development of marine ecosystems in a context of global climatic change. This study presents radiocarbon ( ¹⁴ C) dates and stable isotope analyses on 15 vertebrate specimens from Champlain Sea sediments, including the Charlotte Whale, which is Vermont’s State marine fossil. Data are used in an attempt to investigate the timing of colonization and ecological dynamics in this newly formed sea. Using the average marine correction, ¹⁴ C dates on four specimens likely calibrate prior to or possibly synchronous with the accepted origination date for the Champlain Sea, implying larger marine reservoir effects than the average marine correction in the vertebrate tissues. Without knowing the specific marine reservoir offsets, it is not possible to calculate the timing of colonization or its relation to concurrent climatic change. Observed lower δ ¹³ C and δ ¹⁵ N values in walruses, a fin whale, and a right whale support consumption of prey from lower trophic levels such as bivalve mollusks, krill, and copepods. Higher isotopic values in beluga whales and a bird, the thick-billed murre, support consuming fish, such as cod and capelin. These isotopic data show comparable values and relationships as observed in modern arctic marine ecosystems.

“Man and the Mastodon”: Revisiting the Northborough Mastodon - R. S. Feranec; Martin Christiansen; David Driver; Stuart J. Fiedel (Eastern Paleontologist, 2021)

A new look at Eccaparadoxides (Cambrian, Trilobita) and its biostratigraphic significance - Geyer, Gerd; E. Landing; Żylińska, Anna (PalZ, 2021)
Eccaparadoxides is a geographically widely distributed trilobite genus that occurs in the middle part of the Cambrian System. However, the systematically important morphologic characteristics that can be used to differentiate taxa are often problematical in their application. A review of the large number (over 30) of significant species or forms assigned to Eccaparadoxides clearly indicates that only the pygidia offer fairly reliable morphologic criteria that can be used taxonomically and phylogenetically. The pygidia allow for recognition of four different morphological groups (pusillus, lamellatus, pradoanus and asturianus) of which the asturianus group can only be questionably assigned to the genus. Species known only from cranidia cannot be assigned to Eccaparadoxides with certainty. This study refines the biostratigraphy for the interval from the upper Wuliuan to the middle Drumian and shows that this interval brackets the range of most Eccaparadoxides species. The genera or subgenera Baltoparadoxides, Rejkocephalus and Macrocerca are evaluated. Eccaparadoxides zelus, E. epimetheus and Eccaparadoxides? hestia are newly proposed species.

The Souss lagerstätte of the Anti-Atlas, Morocco: discovery of the first Cambrian fossil lagerstätte from Africa - Geyer, Gerd; E. Landing (Scientific Reports, 2021)
Episodic low oxygenated conditions on the sea-floor are likely responsible for exceptional preservation of animal remains in the upper Amouslek Formation (lower Cambrian, Stage 3) on the northern slope of the western Anti-Atlas, Morocco. This stratigraphic interval has yielded trilobite, brachiopod, and hyolith fossils with preserved soft parts, including some of the oldest known trilobite guts. The “Souss fossil lagerstätte” (newly proposed designation) represents the first Cambrian fossil lagerstätte in Cambrian strata known from Africa and is one of the oldest trilobite-bearing fossil lagerstätten on Earth. Inter-regional correlation of the Souss fossil lagerstätte in West Gondwana suggests its development during an interval of high eustatic levels recorded by dark shales that occur in informal upper Cambrian Series 2 in Siberia, South China, and East Gondwana.

Chlorine-Rich Amphiboles from the Grenville-Age Hudson Highlands of New York State - Gilland, Alexandra J.; Hebert, Laurel I.; Javier-Jimenez, Diego R.; Masi, Janey M.; Meyler, Shannon R.; Schwartz, Spencer G.; Verhaeg, Emily A.; Hughes, John M.; Lincoln, Emily S.; O'Brien, Griffin P.; Powers, Sarah K.; Schireman, Raymond G.; et al. (The Canadian Mineralogist, 2021)
Some Grenville-age rocks exposed in the uplifted region of the Hudson Highlands of southern New York are amphiboledominant igneous rocks. The amphibole-rich rocks, which are locally pegmatitic in nature, are associated with magnetite ore and coarse-grained syenite; the ore was discovered and mined from the middle of the 18th century to the end of the 19th century. The amphiboles have attracted the attention of many researchers for nearly two centuries. Chemical analyses demonstrate that they are pargasite or hastingsite in composition and are particularly rich in Cl and K. High-precision crystal structure analyses of 11 Cl-rich amphiboles from the Hudson Highlands (0.0134 , R1 , 0.0169), including separation of M(1)Fe and M(1)Mg, allow corroboration of, and greatly extends the range of, previous models of Cl incorporation in amphiboles that were derived from a small number of samples. In addition to crystal structures and major-element analyses, trace-element data and Raman spectra are provided.
Keywords: amphibole chemistry; Cl-bearing amphibole; crystal structure; Grenville age; Hudson Highlands

Cultural Resource Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 7040.25.101, US Route 9 Bridge over Ausable River, Towns of Ausable and Peru, Clinton County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, Addendum, PIN 5308.37.121, US Route 62 at NY Route 429, Town of Wheatfield, Niagara County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Early Maize in Northeastern North America: A Comment on Emerson and Colleagues - J. P. Hart; Lovis, W. A.; Katzenberg, M. A. (American Antiquity, 2021)
Emerson and colleagues (2020) provide new isotopic evidence on directly dated human bone from the Greater Cahokia region. They conclude that maize was not adopted in the region prior to AD 900. Placing this result within the larger context of maize histories in northeastern North America, they suggest that evidence from the lower Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River valley for earlier maize is “enigmatic” and “perplexing.” Here, we review that evidence, accumulated over the course of several decades, and question why Emerson and colleagues felt the need to offer opinions on that evidence without providing any new contradictory empirical evidence for the region.
Keywords: early maize; microbotanicals; northeastern North America; Stable isotopes

The effects of charring on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L) seed morphology and strength - J. P. Hart (Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 2021)
Bean (Phaseolus L. spp.) is one of three crops along with maize (Zea mays L. ssp. mays) and squash (Cucurbita L. spp.) that dominated Native American agricultural systems throughout the Western Hemisphere. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was the species present in northeastern North America and was the last of the three crops to be adopted there. Common bean macrobotanical remains become archaeologically visible as charred whole seeds and more typically cotyledons around cal. CE 1250. After that time, common bean is scare in the archaeological record, especially when compared to charred maize kernels. This has led paleoethnobotanists to suggest charred common bean seeds do not preserve well because of physical changes during charring. The results of charring experiments presented here indicate that cotyledons of charred dried common bean seeds heated at temperatures between 220 ◦C and 260 ◦C maintain strength, identifying characteristics, are little changed in size, and so are likely to survive and be identified. Common bean seeds carbonized at higher temperatures lose substantial mass, exhibit surficial fissures, and consequently lose strength, suggesting they are unlikely to survive intact if at all in the archaeological record. Rehydrated seeds lose considerable strength at all temperatures and are less likely than carbonize dried beans to survive in the archaeological record.
Keywords: Charring; common bean; Experimental archaeology; Seed identification

Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chub Suckers (Teleostei: Catostomidae: Erimyzon) Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial Loci - Hunt, Elizabeth P.; Conway, Kevin W.; Hamilton, Kathryn; Hilton, Eric J.; Piller, Kyle R.; J. J Wright; Portnoy, David S. (Ichthyology & Herpetology, 2021)
Phylogenetic relationships among the four currently recognized species in the genus Erimyzon were reconstructed using sequence data obtained from the mitochondrially encoded COI and the nuclear-encoded IRBP2 genes. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses yielded five groups of Erimyzon. Three of the clades corresponded to the species E. oblongus, E. tenuis, and E. claviformis. Individuals identified as E. sucetta were split into two separate clades, with one clade more closely related to E. oblongus than to the other E. sucetta clade in three of four analyses. Two instances of putative hybridization between sympatrically distributed species were also detected, one involving E. oblongus and E. sucetta and the other involving E. claviformis and E. tenuis. The results suggest that the currently recognized E. sucetta comprises two species, with potentially non-overlapping distributions. Further morphological investigation is warranted to provide additional support for recognizing this putative fifth species of Erimyzon.

Phylogeny based on ultra-conserved elements clarifies the evolution of rails and allies (Ralloidea) and is the basis for a revised classification - J. J. Kirchman; Rotzel-McInerney, N.; Giarla, Thomas C.; Olson, Storrs L.; Slikas, Elizabeth; Fleischer, Robert C. (Ornithology, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Montezuma 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Cayuga, Seneca and Wayne Counties, New York. - A. L. Kozlowski; Backhaus, K. J.; Bird, B. C. (New York State Museum Map and Chart Series, 2021)

American Trip: Set, Setting, and the Psychedelic Experience in the Twentieth Century by Ido Hartogsohn - Lander, D. R. (New York History, 2021)

Lophotrochozoa in the Cambrian evolutionary radiation and the Pelagiella problem - E. Landing; Geyer, Gerd; Jirkov, Igor A.; Schiaparelli, Stefano (Papers in Palaeontology, 2021)
Tiny snail-like conchs of Pelagiella Matthew are important in discussions of lophotrochozoan and mollusc origins in the Cambrian evolutionary radiation (CER). The limited morphological features of Pelagiella conchs have led to the ‘Pelagiella problem’: (1) poorly distinguished Pelagiella species; (2) an exceptional genus range across all Cambrian palaeocontinents and climate belts; (3) an unparalleled genus-lifespan (c. 31 myr) in the early Palaeozoic; and (4) the assumption that all Pelagiella spp. are gastropods, which compromises lophotrochozoan and mollusc phylogenies. The type species P. atlantoides is a gastropod, but we show that so-called Pelagiella species with sub-to-triangular apertures and turbiniform conchs are not referable to the genus. Re-evaluation of spectacular specimens of Pelagiella exigua Resser & Howell show it to be a polychaete with two apertural paleal chaetae fan arrays. Given that some modern sedentary polychaetes have paleal fan arrays, P. exigua is regarded as a likely member of the Sabellida Levinsen and is assigned to Pseudopelagiella gen. nov. Other Pelagiella spp. and forms with similar conchs are probably polychaetes not relevant to syntheses of early mollusc diversification. Pelagiellidae fam. nov. should be restricted to the late early Cambrian (c. 508 Ma) P. atlantoides. Pseudopelagiella exigua was unattached, probably benthic and lived with the apical conch surface on the sea floor, a mode of life similar to that of another family of the Sabellida, the sessile spirorbids that are cemented to substrate. Among numerous crown groups, the late early Cambrian eve of the CER included the polychaete Pseudopelagiella exigua and gastropod P. atlantoides.

(Re)proposal of three Cambrian Subsystems and their Geochronology - E. Landing; Geyer, Gerd; Schmitz, Mark D.; Wotte, Thomas; Kouchinsky, Artem (Episodes, 2021)
The use of “lower,” “middle,” and “upper” has persisted for a generation as a convenient and needed way to divide the Cambrian despite agreement that the system is to be divided globally into four series and ten stages. The traditional tripartite division of the system into regional series (Lower, Middle, Upper) reflected local geological and biotic developments not interprovincially correlatable with any precision. However, published use of “lower,” “middle,” and “upper” is unsatisfactory as these informal adjectives have no standard definition, confusingly evoke the earlier use of regional Cambrian series, and are regularly misused. Unacknowledged in the geologic literature is an almost 50 year-long use of three Cambrian subsystems that group as many as five regional Cambrian series. The proposal beginning in 1997 to divide the Avalonian and global Cambrian into four series and three subsystems is detailed herein, with the system divided into three unambiguously defined subsystems: a very long (ca. 32.6 Ma) Lower Cambrian Subsystem (=Terreneuvian and Series 2/proposed Laolingian Series), a short (ca. 9.8) Middle Cambrian Subsystem (=Miaolingian Series), and an Upper Cambrian Subsystem (=Furongian Series) with a corrected age at its top (ca. 486.8 Ma) and a very imprecisely determined ca. 10 Ma duration. The designations “Lower Cambrian Subsystem” or “global Lower Cambrian” serve to distinguish the proposed new chronostratigraphic units from traditional units as the “Lower Cambrian Series” and substitute for the needed, convenient, but undefined adjectives “lower,” “middle,” and “upper.”

Trace fossils, depositional context, and paleogeography of the upper Tal Group (upper lower Cambrian), Lesser Himalaya, India: a Gondwanan succession with no affinities to the Avalonia microcontinent – discussion of paper by Singh et al. (2019) - E. Landing; Geyer, Gerd (Ichnos, 2021)
Terminal Ediacaran–late early Cambrian deposition, faunas and passive margin evolution of the north Indian margin are recorded in the Nigali Dhar syncline succession. Restudy of the upper Tal Group (upper lower Cambrian Koti Dhaman Formation, KDF) ichnofauna from the Khud-Drabil section reduces it to 18 confidently named forms. The lower KDF (Lower Quartzite Member) Cruziana-Rusophycus assemblage is in subtidal (not intertidal) sandsheet facies. The overlying black Shale Member (SM) records trans-East Gondwanan deepening, not intertidal facies, in the Palaeolenus Zone. The SM, with low diversity Planolites-Palaeophycus assemblage, is overlain by subtidal (not intertidal) sandsheet facies of the middle KDF (Arkosic Sandstone Member, ASM) with shallow burrowers and furrowers (Gordia marina assemblage, new; Cruziana ichnofacies). KDF faunas with Cruziana and Rusophycus are similar to coeval, shallow marine associations elsewhere in Gondwana and NW Laurentia. Interpretation of a second KDF section 20 km from Khud-Drabil has confused an understanding of Lesser Himalaya geologic evolution as it claims Ordovician Cruziana species in the ASM and an angular SM–ASM unconformity caused by the Cambrian–Ordovician boundary Kurgiakh orogeny. However, upper lower Cambrian microfaunas occur in and above the ASM, while the angular SM–ASM unconformity is consistent with submarine sliding. KDF-type ichnofaunas do not show a tropical location of Avalonia, which has the distinctive lithofacies and biotas of a high-latitude continent unrelated to Gondwana.
Keywords: Avalonia; Cambrian; depositional environments; East Gondwana; India; Israel; Lesser Himalaya; paleogeography; sequence stratigraphy; Tal Group; trace fossils; upper Lower Cambrian

Surficial Geology of the Durham 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany, Greene and Schoharie Counties, New York - Leone, J.R.; A. L. Kozlowski; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Rensselaerville 7.5-Minutes Quadrangle, Albany and Schoharie Counties, New York - Leone, J.R.; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 1089.73.101, US Route 4 over the Hudson River, Town of Northumberland, Saratoga County and Town of Greenwich, Washington County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 3028.14.121, NY Route 281 at NY Route 41 Intersection Improvement Project, Village of Homer, Cortland County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 3043.64.101, NY Route 11 at NY Route 49 Safety Improvement Project, Village of Central Square, Oswego County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 5814.50.121, NY Route 60 from US Route 20 to NY Route 83, Town of Pomfret, Chautauqua County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 9013.43.121, NY Route 42, Town of Fallsburg, Sullivan County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Pre-Reconnaissance Architectural Survey, PIN 4015.47.421, NY State Route 15 Corridor Operation Enhancement Project Phase I, Towns of Brighton and Henrietta, Monroe County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Data Recovery Architectural Investigation, PIN 2134.41.321, NY Routes 5, 8, & 12, North-South Arterial Reconstruction, City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 2004.12.121, NY Route 51 over Steele Creek, Village of Ilion, Herkimer County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 2029.53.121, Route 5S Bridge over Terwilleger Creek, Town of Florida, Montgomery County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

A Mid-Seventeenth-Century Drinking House in New Netherland - Michael T. Lucas; Traudt, K.S. (The Archaeology of New Netherland: A World Built on Trade, 2021)

Radiocarbon and Artifactual Evidence for Early 17th Century A.D. Dutch Activity at the Site of Fort Orange, Albany, New York, USA - Manning, S. W.; P. R. Huey; Michael T. Lucas; J. P. Hart (Journal of Field Archaeology, 2021)
Dutch exploitation of the upper Hudson River Valley initiated with Henry Hudson’s voyage in 1609 A.D. This began a period of resource exploitation by the Dutch that lasted until 1664 when the English took what had become known as New Netherland from the Dutch. The Dutch formed trade relations with Native Americans in the upper Hudson Valley and beyond that focused primarily on beaver and other animal pelts. No Dutch archaeological sites dating to before 1624 with the construction of Fort Orange at present-day Albany, New York, have been documented. However, archaeological evidence from strata pre-dating the Fort’s construction and Bayesian analysis of a series of radiocarbon dates from these strata establish a probable location of Dutch activities. These results suggest that the Fort was sited at a place of established Dutch-Native American interactions, a location utilized by Native Americans for centuries prior to the arrival of the Dutch.
Keywords: Bayesian analysis; Hudson River Valley archaeology; New Netherland; radiocarbon dating

Resolving Indigenous village occupations and social history across the long century of European permanent settlement in Northeastern North America: The Mohawk River Valley ~1450-1635 CE - Manning, Sturt W.; Lorentzen, Brita; J. P. Hart (PLOS ONE, 2021)
The timeframe of Indigenous settlements in Northeast North America in the 15th-17th centuries CE has until very recently been largely described in terms of European material culture and history. An independent chronology was usually absent. Radiocarbon dating has recently begun to change this conventional model radically. The challenge, if an alternative, independent timeframe and history is to be created, is to articulate a high-resolution chronology appropriate and comparable with the lived histories of the Indigenous village settlements of the period. Improving substantially on previous initial work, we report here high-resolution defined chronologies for the three most extensively excavated and iconic ancestral Kanienʼkehá꞉ka (Mohawk) village sites in New York (Smith-Pagerie, Klock and Garoga), and a fourth early historic Indigenous site, Brigg’s Run, and re-assess the wider chronology of the Mohawk River Valley in the mid-15th to earlier 17th centuries. This new chronology confirms initial suggestions from radiocarbon that a wholesale reappraisal of past assumptions is necessary, since our dates conflict completely with past dates and the previously presumed temporal order of these three iconic sites. In turn, a wider reassessment of northeastern North American early history and re-interpretation of Atlantic connectivities in the later 15th through early 17th centuries is required. Our new closely defined date ranges are achieved employing detailed archival analysis of excavation records to establish the contextual history for radiocarbon-dated samples from each site, tree-ring defined short time series from wood charcoal samples fitted against the radiocarbon calibration curve (‘wiggle-matching’), and Bayesian chronological modelling for each of the individual sites integrating all available prior knowledge and radiocarbon dating probabilities. We define (our preferred model) most likely (68.3% highest posterior density) village occupation ranges for Smith-Pagerie of ~1478–1498, Klock of ~1499–1521, Garoga of ~1550–1582, and Brigg’s Run of ~1619–1632.

Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 2134.41.321, NY Routes 5, 8, & 12, North-South Arterial Reconstruction, 705 Roberts Street Archaeological Site (06540.001676; NYSM #12174), City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Phase IA Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 4015.47.421, NY State Route 15 Corridor Operation Enhancement Project Phase I, Towns of Brighton and Henrietta, Monroe County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 0810.01.101, Safety Improvement Project, Towns of Riverhead, East Hampton, and Southold, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 9307.10.121, NY Route 7 Re-Paving in the Village of Otego, Otsego County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 9TCR.21.121, Culvert Block Replacement in the Town of Norwich, Chenango County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Archaeological Work Plan, PIN 5134.48.402, NY Route 5 (Buffalo Skyway) Improvements Project, City of Buffalo, Erie County, New York - D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Site Examination, PIN 2806.04.321, NY Route 5 Sidewalk Extension, Frederick R. Spencer/Pre-1817 Tavern Site, Village of Wampsville, Town of Lenox, Madison County, New York - D. E. Merwin; A. Lynch; V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 2134.41.321, NY 5, 8, & 12 North-South Arterial Reconstruction, 705-707 Bristol Street Archaeological Site (06540.001682), City of Utica (MCD 06540), Oneida County, New York - Moragne, S.; B. R. Dale; R. Dean; D. E. Mazeau; Sobik, C. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 6001.25.121, BIN 1011060, New York 14A over Rock Stream, Town of Reading, Schuyler County, New York - Moragne, S.; T. Thomas (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Seeking Truth in the Attica Collection - Noble, A. (New York History, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Cleveland 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Madison, Oneida, Onondaga and Oswego Counties, New York - Pair, D. L.; Bird, B. C.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Surficial Geology of the Manlius 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Madison and Onondaga Counties, New York - Pair, D. L.; Manchester, J.; Backhaus, K. J. (Map & Chart, 2021)

Comparative phylogeographic analysis suggests a shared history among eastern North American boreal forest birds - Ralston, J.; FitzGerald, A. M.; Burg, T. M.; Starkloff, N. C.; Warkentin, I. G.; J. J. Kirchman (Ornithology, 2021)
Phylogeographic structure within high-latitude North American birds is likely shaped by a history of isolation in refugia during Pleistocene glaciations. Previous studies of individual species have come to diverse conclusions regarding the number and location of likely refugia, but no studies have explicitly tested for biogeographic concordance in a comparative phylogeographic framework. Here we use a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences from 653 individuals of 6 bird species that are currently co-distributed in the boreal forest of North America to test for biogeographic congruence. We find support for congruent phylogeographic patterns across species, with shallow divergence dating to the Holocene within each species. Combining genetic results with paleodistribution modeling, we propose that these species shared a single Pleistocene refugium south of the ice sheets in eastern North America. Additionally, we assess modern geographic genetic structure within species, focusing on Newfoundland and disjunct high-elevation populations at the southern periphery of ranges. We find evidence for a “periphery effect” in some species with significant genetic structure among peripheral populations and between peripheral and central populations. Our results suggest that reduced gene flow among peripheral populations, rather than discordant biogeographic histories, can explain the small differences in genetic structure and levels of genetic diversity among co-distributed boreal forest birds.

Archaeological Monitoring Report, PIN 2134.50.323, New York Route 5, 8, & 12 North-South Arterial Reconstruction including portions of Burrstone Road and Champlin Avenue, 2012 Soil Boring, City of Utica, Oneida County, New York - J. Ross; A. Lynch; Williams, J. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Description of larvae of Eleotris perniger (Teleostei: Eleotridae) in transition from saltwater to freshwater from Montserrat, West Indies - Schmidt, Robert E.; McMullin, Erin; J. J Wright; B. R. Weatherwax (Novitates Caribaea, 2021)
Larvae  of  the  Smallscaled  Spinycheek  Sleeper  (Eleotris  perniger)  in  transition  from  saltwater to freshwater were identified using COI and 16S gene sequences and the morphology and color pattern were then described. Available freshwater habitat for this species on Montserrat is minimal and continued existence is threatened by potential water withdrawals.
Keywords: amphidromy; Caribbean Island; Smallscale Spinycheek Sleeper

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 3043.68.221, US Route 11 ADA Project, Caughdenoy Road to Factory Street, Town of Cicero, Onondaga County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 3287.22.101, NY Route 370 Reconstruction, Village of Liverpool, Onondaga County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Structure Documentation, PIN 2806.12.301, Lock Road Bridge over the Barge Canal, Town of Verona, Oneida County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Structure Documentation, PIN 2CUL.TR.101, County Route 65 Bridges over Mohawk River, Town of Mindenville, Montgomery County, New York - V. A. Schmitt (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1089.73.101, US Route 4 Over the Hudson River Bridge Replacement Project, Town of Northumberland, Saratoga County, New York - Sobik, C.; R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Archaeological Data Recovery Report, PIN 2134.41.321, NY 5, 8, & 12 North-South Arterial Reconstruction, 1026-1028 Lincoln Avenue Historic Archaeological Site (06540.001693), City of Utica (MCD 06540), Oneida County, New York - D. Staley (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Disentangling the effects of host relatedness and elevation on haemosporidian parasite turnover in a clade of songbirds - Starkloff, N. C.; Turner, W. C.; FitzGerald, A. M.; Oftedal, M. C.; Martinsen, E. S.; J. J. Kirchman (Ecosphere, 2021)
The persistence of a parasite species in an ecological community is determined both by its environmental tolerance and host breadth. The relative contribution of these niche characteristics to parasite community structure is challenging to parse because host persistence is also a consequence of extrinsic environmental factors. We investigated haemosporidian parasites (genera Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus) in a clade of avian hosts in eastern North America. Species in this clade of Catharus thrushes occupy specific elevational bands in a non‐phylogenetically determined manner. This allowed us to tease apart the effects of host relatedness and elevation on parasite community structure, diversity, and infection prevalence. We screened blood and tissue samples from 414 adult birds from four mountain ranges in the Appalachian Highlands for blood parasites using a cytochrome‐b‐nested PCR protocol and identified parasite lineages by sequencing. We found an overall infection prevalence of 88.4% and identified a total of 38 parasite lineages including six novel lineages. Parasite community patterns varied by genus. Host relatedness rather than elevational zone predicted the beta turnover and phylobeta turnover of Leucocytozoon parasites, indicating that closely related rather than geographically proximate host species had more similar parasites. This pattern was not seen in Plasmodium parasites because the diversity of this parasite genus varied considerably in the high elevational zones among mountain ranges, that is, a sky‐island effect. Haemoproteus parasites were rare in this study system. Our study suggests that the mechanisms that underlie community structuring vary between haemosporidian genera d​u​
Keywords: avian malaria; beta diversity; Catharus; community turnover; elevational turnover; Haemospororida; host relatedness; Leucocytozoon; Plasmodium

The classic mid-Devonian Eospermatopteris localities, Gilboa NY, USA - Stein, William E.; Berry, Christopher M.; L. VanAller Hernick; Mannolini, F. (Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 2021)
For over 150 years, the mid-Devonian Eospermatopteris stump cast localities comprising the “oldest known petrified forest” of Goldring (1927) at Gilboa, New York have rarely been accessible for study. In 2010–2013, we had the opportunity to appraise all three major sites. Presented here are observations focusing on botanical data that may prove useful for interpreting future sites. Eospermatopteris at Riverside Quarry consists of stem base casts/molds, and corresponding root mounds on a paleosol surface. Sizes, spatial distributions, and unusual occurrences of the root mounds are assessed. Trunks above the base are also observed as compressions showing features of outer cortex and probable vascular tissues, as interpreted from previous examples. An arboreal isoetalean is noted on the paleosol along with an enigmatic mound possibly representing a Stigmaria-like root system similar to that described at Cairo NY. Details of aneurophytalean stems on the paleosol surface are presented including evidence of attached lateral branch systems, or possible rooting structures of small size. The paleosol at Gilboa Dam is remarkably similar to that at Riverside Quarry, but with carbonaceous remains much better preserved. Eospermatopteris base casts and root mounds are present along with probable aneurophytalean stems showing abundant evidence of attached lateral branches that are themselves profusely branched. The Manorkill locality exhibits weathered Eospermatopteris casts that outcrop along a ledge offering profile views. The Gilboa localities are significant in providing probably the best botanical data on rooted and close to in place floral elements from a mid-Devonian paleosol to date.
Keywords: Aneurophytales; Eospermatopteris; Gilboa; Lycopsida; Pseudosporochnales

Cultural Resources Architectural Survey, PIN 0810.01.101, Safety Improvement Project, Towns of Riverhead, East Hampton, and Southold, Suffolk County, New York - T. Thomas (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2021)

Radiocarbon-Based Chronology-Building in Northern New York - Abel, T. J.; J. P. Hart; Vavrasek, J. L. (The SAA Archaeological Record, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Albany 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany and Rensselaer Counties, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski; R. J. Dineen; Leone, J. (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Albany County Portion of the Niskayuna 7.5-Minute Quadrangle - Backhaus, K. J.; R. J. Dineen; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Albany County Portion of the Schenectady 7.5-Minute Quadrangle - Backhaus, K. J.; R. J. Dineen; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Albany County Portion of the Troy North 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski; Leone, J. (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Albany County Portion of the Troy South 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; Leone, J.; A. L. Kozlowski; R. J. Dineen (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the West Danby 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Chemung, Tioga, Schuyler and Tompkins Counties, New York - Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski; Leone, J.; Grasing, S.P.; Alrubay, A. (Map & Chart, 2020)

Elucidating the impact of anthropogenic supplementation, isolation and ecological heterogeneity on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) genetic structure - Bruce, Spencer A.; George, Scott D.; Baldigo, Barry P.; J. J Wright (Landscape Ecology, 2020)
Context Preservation of genetic diversity is a commonly cited, yet under-evaluated aspect of species conservation plans. Understanding the influence of human-mediated translocations and habitat constraints on landscape patterns of genetic structure in threatened fish species is essential to maintaining biodiversity and adaptive potential. Objectives We evaluated the degree of influence from supplemental stocking, assessed the spatial population genetic structure, and examined the potential relationship between hybridization and ecology for Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the Black River watershed in New York State, USA. Methods We used 13 microsatellite loci from over 450 fish at 18 sampling locations to map genetic structure and diversity, estimate the level of influence from stocked conspecifics, and model the relationship between hybridization and ecological characteristics. Results We found widespread genetic introgression attributable to state-based stocking activities and a pattern of hierarchical genetic diversity across the landscape, which has additionally been influenced by geography. Site-specific fish assemblage variables appear to be unrelated to introgressive hybridization from stocked conspecifics, and only one hydrochemical variable, SO42−, exhibited strong explanatory power in predicting hybridization between wild and supplemented fish. A single locality exhibited genetic structure consistent with no history of introgression potentially associated with differences in elevation, and thus contributed disproportionately to the level of genetic diversity observed across the landscape. Conclusions When examining genetic structure in fluvial riverine networks, it is important to consider the combined and interacting effects of both hybridization and habitat, which may result in augmented genetic structure not predictable from any single factor.

Identifying Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) Populations of the Upper Hudson River and its Tributaries - Bruce, S. A.; J. J Wright (Final Reports of the Tibor T. Polgar Fellowship Program, 2017, 2020)
As anthropogenic impacts accelerate changes to landscapes across the globe, understanding how genetic population structure is influenced by habitat features and dispersal is key to preserving evolutionary potential at the species level. Furthermore, knowledge of these interactions is essential to identifying potential constraints on local adaptation and for the development of effective management strategies. These issues were addressed for Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations residing in the Upper Hudson River watershed of New York State by investigating the spatial genetic structure of over 300 fish collected from 14 different sampling locations encompassing three river systems (the Upper Hudson, the Boreas, and the Schroon). The results of this work suggest that fish in the area (i) exhibit varying degrees of introgression from State-directed stocking activities (ii) exhibit genetic population structure at the level of individual tributaries as well as the larger river systems where they are found, dictated by migration and influenced by habitat connectivity, and (iii) demonstrate comparatively similar measures of genetic diversity but varied measures of effective population size based on sampling location. These findings represent a significant contribution to the current literature surrounding Brook Trout migration and dispersal, especially as it relates to larger interconnected systems. Finally, this study is concluded with a discussion about how the methods used here may aid in the development of other species-focused conservation plans that incorporate an evolutionary perspective.

The Archaeology of Native Americans in Pennsylvania - Carr, K. W.; Bergman, C. A.; C. B. Rieth; Means, B. K.; Moeller, R. W. (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2020)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 2023.34.101, NY Route 69 Bridge over Sauquoit Creek, Village of Whitesboro, Oneida County, New York - B. R. Dale (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Data Recovery and Monitoring, PIN 8463.15.101, Rosendale Culvert (CIN C870067) Replacement, Route 213 Southern Embankment Repair, The Snyder Canal Slip, Delaware & Hudson Canal, and D & H and Lawrenceville Cement Works Site, Town of Rose - R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 1807.09.101, NY Route 4 at Wright’s Loop, Bemis Heights, Town of Stillwater, Saratoga County, New York - R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey Report, PIN 2023.34.101, New York State Route 69 over Saquoit Creek, Village of Whitesboro, Village of Yorkville and Town of Whitestown, Oneida County, New York - R. Dean; Sobik, C. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey Report, PIN 2806.00.121, Culvert Replacement (C260050), NYS Route 8, Town of Bridgewater, Oneida County, New York – Archaeology - R. Dean (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Reply to Van Valkenburgh et al. - DeSantis, L. R. G.; R. S. Feranec; Fox-Dobbs, Kena; Harris, John M.; Cerling, Thure E.; Crites, Jonathan M.; Farrell, Aisling B.; Takeuchi, Gary T. (Current Biology, 2020)

Cultural Resources Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey Report for PIN 4078.16.121 (19PR06240) New York State Route 78 Slope Failure Hamlet of Styrkersville, Town of Java, Wyoming County, New York - Dobbin, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 4078.16.121 (19PR06240), NY Route 78 Slope Failure, Hamlet of Strykersville, Town of Java, Wyoming County, New York, Cultural Resource Survey Program - Dobbin, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 8103.52.121, Warehouse Lane Access Improvements, Village of Elmsford, Westchester County, New York - Dubuque, J. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Statement and Commitments from SAA Editors to Change the Underrepresentation of Black, Indigenous, and Other Scholars from Diverse Backgrounds in Our Publications - Gamble, L.; Martin, D.; Hendon, J.; Santoro, C.; Herr, S.; C. B. Rieth; van der Linde, S.; Rodning, C.; Hegmon, M.; Birch, J. (American Antiquity, 2020)

Cambrian deposition in northwestern Africa: Relationship of Tamlelt massif (Moroccan‒Algerian border region) succession to the Moroccan Meseta - Geyer, Gerd; E. Landing (Journal of African Earth Sciences, 2020)
The Tamlelt massif is physiographically grouped as a continuation of the easternmost High Atlas. However, re-examination of the Tamlelt's Cambrian litho- and biostratigraphy shows a depositional history that differs from that of the Souss Basin to the southwest (i.e., west-central High Atlas and eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco). Our re-examination leads to recommendations on the local stratigraphic succession and nomenclature. Trilobites from the Al Hamrat Formation in the Tamlelt massif indicate late early Cambrian (upper Epoch 2) siliciclastics overlying shallow marine, carbonate-rich deposits (Jbel Menhouhou Formation) similar to and coeval with those of the distant western Anti-Atlas region but older than and lithologically distinct from fluviatile siliciclastics (Epoch 3) in the nearby eastern Anti-Atlas. The Jbel Menhouhou carbonates unconformably overlie probable terminal Proterozoic volcanics and clastics of the Bou Kaïs Formation (new) and are overlain by shales and arenites of the upper Kheneg El Kahal Group, which features a Cambrian Stage 4 regressive half-cycle. Regional differences in lithofacies disappear in the early Miaolingian with relatively monotonous, mudstone-rich facies in the Tamlelt massif area (Batene El Jdari Formation) comparable to those of the Jbel Wawrmast Formation of the west-central High Atlas and central‒eastern Anti-Atlas. Probable early late Cambrian brachiopods from siliciclastic rocks of the Tamlelt area indicate a later Cambrian depositional history similar to that of the Anti-Atlas and perhaps Moroccan Meseta. The distinctiveness of the upper lower Cambrian deposits of the Souss Basin from those of the Tamlelt massif apparently reflects a depositional framework independent from other regions of the Atlas ranges, and suggests the Tamlelt region was confluent with the Meseta basin to the northwest. Known trilobites permit precise age assignments through the Tamlelt succession and include species (or forms) which contribute to a refined correlation within West Gondwana and improve West Gondwana‒Baltica correlation. The new trilobite species Saukianda? (Saukianda?) dresnayi is proposed.
Keywords: Baltica Avalonia; Biostratigraphy; Cambrian; Depositional history; lithostratigraphy; Trilobita; West Gondwana

Architectural Pre-Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 8813.68.101, Hartsdale Road Bridge over Sprain Brook Parkway (BIN 5501710), Village of Elmsford, Town of Greenburgh, Westchester County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Architectural Pre-Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 8813.68.101, Route 100 Bridge over Sprain Brook Parkway (BIN 1036069), City of Yonkers, Westchester County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Architectural Pre-Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 8813.68.101, Route 100B Bridge over Sprain Brook Parkway (BIN 1091480), Town of Greenburg, Westchester County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 2806.00.121, Culvert 19 Project, Towns of Florence and Marshall, Oneida County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey Report for PIN 2806.00.121, Culvert 19 Project, Towns of Florence and Marshall, Oneida County, New York - A. Gore (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

As Arizona coronavirus cases surge from early reopening, Indigenous nations suffer not only more Covid-19 but also the blame - Hardy, L.; Gwendolyn W Saul; Smith, S.M. (The Conversation, 2020)

Tribes mount organized responses to COVID-19, in contrast to state and federal governments - Hardy, L.; Gwendolyn W Saul; Thompson, K. F. (The Conversation, 2020)

Reassessing an inferred Iroquoian village removal sequence in the Mohawk River Basin, New York, USA - J. P. Hart (Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 2020)
All archaeologists use suppositions in their narratives to bridge gaps in empirical knowledge. If these suppositions are reasonable, they often become parts of regional archaeological traditions. However, such suppositions must be testable as new methods and techniques create new empirical evidence. In ancestral Mohawk Iroquoian archaeology, three village sites in the Caroga Creek drainage, thought to date to the sixteenth-century AD, have been accepted as a chronological sequence of villages occupied by the same community over the course of several generations. As reported here, however, social network analysis based on pottery collar design motifs demonstrates it is unlikely the sites represent such a sequence.
Keywords: Iroquoian archaeology; Mohawk River valley; Social network analysis; Village removal sequences

Review of Origins of the Iroquois League: Narratives, Symbols, and Archaeology by Anthony Wonderely and Martha L. Sempowski - J. P. Hart (American Antiquity, 2020)

Using Maize δ15N values to assess soil fertility in fifteenth- and sixteenth-century AD Iroquoian agricultural fields - J. P. Hart; R. S. Feranec (PLOS ONE, 2020)
Native Americans developed agronomic practices throughout the Western Hemisphere adapted to regional climate, edaphic conditions, and the extent of dependence on agriculture for subsistence. These included the mounding or “corn hill” system in northeastern North America. Iroquoian language speakers of present-day New York, USA, and Ontario and Québec, Canada were among those who used this system. While well-known, there has been little archaeological documentation of the system. As a result, there is scant archaeological evidence on how Iroquoian farmers maintained soil fertility in their often-extensive agricultural fields. Using δ15N values obtained on fifteenth- and sixteenth-century AD maize kernels from archaeological sites in New York and Ontario, adjusted to take into account changes that result from charring as determined through experiments, we demonstrate that Iroquoian farmers were successful at maintaining nitrogen in their agricultural fields. These results add to our archaeological knowledge of Iroquoian agronomic practices. Our results also indicate the potential value of obtaining δ15N values on archaeological maize in the investigation of Native American agronomic practices.

Paleo-redox context of the Mid-Devonian Appalachian Basin and its relevance to biocrises - He, Ruliang; Lu, Wanyi; Junium, Christopher K.; C. A. Ver Straeten; Lu, Zunli (Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2020)
The Devonian Period witnessed the expansion of vascular land plants and an atmospheric oxygenation event associated with enhanced organic mass burial. The deposition of organic-rich shales (e.g. black shales of the Marcellus subgroup) and several biotic crises in the marine realm have been linked to Devonian ocean anoxia. However, it is not clear how redox conditions evolved in different parts of the water column in such a context of dynamic changes in the atmosphere-ocean system. To address this problem, we use the bulk carbonate I/Ca proxy on core samples from Yates County, NY, in order to reconstruct the water column redox history through the Onondaga Limestone into the lower Marcellus shale. On the secular scale, the range of I/Ca values support the notion of a Devonian rise in atmospheric oxygen, relative to time intervals earlier in the Paleozoic. In terms of Eifelian Stage stratigraphic trends, I/Ca ratios are generally stable and high in the Onondaga Formation but show large fluctuations in lower Marcellus strata. Low I/Ca ratios are found near the onset of organic-rich shale deposition indicating relatively reducing subsurface waters. The pattern of redox changes resembles that of contemporaneous sea-level changes. Finally, the reconstructed oxygenation changes are correlated to three biotic transitions in Devonian marine systems.

Crafting Dissent: Handicraft as Protest from the American Revolution to the Pussyhats ed by Hinda Mandell (review) - A Hopkins-Benton (New York History, 2020)

Bicknell's Thrush Discovered in the Catskills - J. J. Kirchman (Catskill Tri-County Historical Views, 2020)

Historical decline of genetic diversity in a range-periphery population of Spruce Grouse (Falcipennis canadensis) inhabiting the Adirondack Mountains - J. J. Kirchman; Ross, Angelena M.; Johnson, Glenn (Conservation Genetics, 2020)
Isolation can affect genetic structure of populations near the edge of a species’ geographic range by reducing gene flow and allelic diversity, resulting in greater among-population differentiation. Spruce Grouse (Falcipennis canadensis), which are restricted to the boreal forest biome of North America, persist in small, disjunct lowland conifer patches at the southeastern extent of their range in the Adirondack Mountains of New York. This isolated peripheral population has declined since the early twentieth century and is considered highly vulnerable to extirpation. We examined haplotype diversity of mitochondrial control region sequences, comparing modern Spruce Grouse populations sampled from 2004 to 2013 in the Adirondacks and Algonquin Provincial Park, ca. 250 km to the northwest. Genetic diversity in the modern Adirondack population sample was very low compared to our smaller sample from Algonquin Park (three haplotypes vs seven). The modern Adirondack population shared no haplotypes with birds sampled from Algonquin, and these two populations are highly differentiated today (Fst = 0.632). We obtained shorter control region sequences from 18 museum specimens collected in the Adirondack from 1881 to 1986, in which we found six haplotypes, including five no longer found in the Adirondack Region. Some haplotypes that were once found in both regions have been lost from the Adirondacks as that population has declined demographically and shrunk geographically, indicating that the current differentiation is partly the result of these losses; when all 18 historical samples of Adirondack Spruce Grouse are included in the analysis, Fst between Adirondacks and Algonquin drops to 0.359. Haplotype diversity in Adirondack specimens collected prior to demographic decline (1881–1905, n = 10) was h = 0.778 compared to h = 0.245 in the modern Adirondack population, an over a three-fold decrease over period of ca. 130 years. These findings suggest that conservation measures that include supplementation of individuals from more diverse populations may restore genetic diversity in the Adirondack population to levels that existed a century ago.

Glacial Stratigraphic Framework of the Cayuga Inlet Valley and Ithaca Delta Plain: Ithaca West Quadrangle,Town of Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York - A. L. Kozlowski; Backhaus, K. J.; Leone, J. (New York State Museum Map & Chart, 2020)

Communes in America, 1975-2000 by Timothy Miller - Lander, D. R. (New York History, 2020)

Communes in America, 1975–2000 by Timothy Miller (review) - Lander, D. R. (New York History, 2020)

Precise early Cambrian U–Pb zircon dates bracket the oldest trilobites and archaeocyaths in Moroccan West Gondwana - E. Landing; Schmitz, Mark D.; Geyer, Gerd; Trayler, Robin B.; Bowring, Samuel A. (Geological Magazine, 2020)
New U–Pb radioisotopic ages on early Cambrian volcanic zircons condition a high-resolution Bayesian age model that constrains the first occurrences and zonations of West Gondwanan archaeocyaths and trilobites in southern Morocco. The oldest archaeocyaths in the Tiout Member of the Igoudine Formation (519.71 + 0.26/− 0.35 Ma) are c. 6 Ma younger than the oldest Siberian archaeocyaths. The oldest Moroccan trilobite fragments, from the lower member of the Igoudine, are constrained to 519.95 + 0.43/− 0.40 Ma. The succeeding Issendalenian Stage (i.e. Hupetina antique – Eofallotaspis tioutensis – Fallotaspis plana – Choubertella – Daguinaspis trilobite zones) spans c. 1.5 Ma (519.78 + 0.26/− 0.37 Ma to 518.43 + 0.25/− 0.69 Ma). Identifiable Moroccan fallotaspidids and bigotinids, among Earth’s oldest trilobites, occur above a positive δ13C excursion dated with our age model at 520.27 + 0.59/− 0.57 Ma, and correlated with the IV excursion peak within the lower range of Siberian Atdabanian Stage trilobites (Repinaella Zone). This excursion is the best standard for a Cambrian Series 2 base. The oldest West Gondwana trilobite fragments are c. 1 Ma younger than those in Siberia and c. 0.5 Ma older than the oldest Avalonian trilobites (Callavia Zone). This diachrony means a trilobite first appearance datum is an inappropriate chronostratigraphic base for Cambrian Series 2. Taxonomic differences in the oldest trilobites between Cambrian palaeocontinents are in accordance with trace fossil evidence for the group’s appearance possibly as late as c. 530 Ma in the Cambrian Evolutionary Radiation. Coeval 519–517 Ma dates from Avalonia (cool-water siliciclastic shelf) and West Gondwana (tropical carbonate platform) sections with distinct macrofaunas emphasize these successions were latitudinally separate by the late Ediacaran Period.

Uppermost Cambrian carbon chemostratigraphy: the HERB and undocumented TOCE events are not synonymous - E. Landing; Ripperdan, Robert L.; Geyer, Gerd (Geological Magazine, 2020)
Chemostratigraphic units require consistent definitions and unambiguous names. So-called TOCE (Top of Cambrian Excursion) is used as an uppermost Cambrian δ13Ccarb negative excursion although it was proposed without documentation, is ambiguously defined, and variably correlated into four Laurentian trilobite zones. TOCE, a nihilartikel, is regularly substituted to the exclusion of the earlier named, precisely documented and geochronologically older HERB (Hellnmaria-Red Tops Boundary) Event. HERB allows late Cambrian global correlation; its onset is close to the lowest occurrence of the conodont Eoconodontus notchpeakensis at the base of a proposed replacement (Lawsonian Stage) of Cambrian Stage 10. TOCE must be retired from use and abandoned as a synonym of the HERB Event.

Surficial Geology of the Westerlo 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany County, New York - Leone, J.; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surficial Geology of the Willseyville 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Tioga and Tompkins Counties, New York - Leone, J.R.; A. L. Kozlowski; Backhaus, K. J.; Alrubay, A. (Map & Chart, 2020)

Surfician Geology of the Gallupville 7.5-Minute Quadrangle, Albany, Schenectady, and Schoharie Counties, New Yrk - Leone, J.; Backhaus, K. J.; A. L. Kozlowski (Map & Chart, 2020)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 2016.79.121, Mill Creek Culvert - NY Route 12 over Mill Creek, Village of Boonville, Oneida County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 8101.46.101, East Lincoln Avenue Bridge over Hutchinson River Parkway, City of Mount Vernon, Westchester County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN 8473.14.101, US 1 Bridge over Mamaroneck River, Village of Mamaroneck, Westchester County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) Documentation, PIN X735.82.000, Long Island Railroad Bridge over Van Wyck Expressway (I-678), Jamaica, Queens County, New York - M.S. LoRusso (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Use, Purpose, and Function—Letting the Artifacts Speak - Loughmiller-Cardinal, Jennifer A.; J. S. Cardinal (Heritage, 2020)
Archaeologists have likely collected, as a conservative estimate, billions of artifacts over the course of the history of fieldwork. We have classified chronologies and typologies of these, based on various formal and physical characteristics or ethno-historically known analogues, to give structure to our interpretations of the people that used them. The simple truth, nonetheless, is that we do not actually know how they were used or their intended purpose. We only make inferences—i.e., educated guesses based on the available evidence as we understand it—regarding their functions in the past and the historical behaviors they reflect. Since those inferences are so fundamental to the interpretations of archaeological materials, and the archaeological project as a whole, the way we understand materiality can significantly bias the stories we construct of the past. Recent work demonstrated seemingly contradictory evidence between attributed purpose or function versus confirmed use, however, which suggested that a basic premise of those inferences did not empirically hold to be true. In each case, the apparent contradiction was resolved by reassessing what use, purpose, and function truly mean and whether certain long-established functional categories of artifacts were in fact classifying by function. The resulting triangulation, presented here, narrows the scope on such implicit biases by addressing both empirical and conceptual aspects of artifacts. In anchoring each aspect of evaluation to an empirical body of data, we back ourselves away from our assumptions and interpretations so as to let the artifacts speak for themselves.

Warwickite from St. Lawrence County, New York: Mineral association, chemical composition, cation ordering, and splitting of the warwickite M1 site - M. V. Lupulescu; Ehlers, Alix M.; Hughes, John M.; Bailey, David G. (The Canadian Mineralogist, 2020)
Warwickite has been discovered in the Edwards and Balmat #3 mines in the Balmat-Edwards mining district, St. Lawrence County, New York, located in the Adirondack Lowlands. The samples from the two mines are similar in chemistry and atomic arrangement but differ chemically from previously described samples; they are among the most Fe-poor samples described to date. The warwickite in the Edwards Mine sample occurs as 1–2 mm-diameter green crystals associated with pink spinel, forsterite, phlogopite, and pyrite in an impure dolomitic marble, whereas warwickite in the specimens from the Balmat #3 mine, approximately 10 km distant, occurs as brown to amber colored, slender, elongate, millimeter-size crystals in a calcitic marble in association with pink spinel, phlogopite, anhydrite, pyrite, and galena. Chemical analyses of the two specimens by electron microprobe show similar empirical formulas of (Mg1.43Ti0.36Al0.18Cr3+0.02Zr0.01)Σ2.00B0.98O4 (Edwards Mine) and (Mg1.39Ti0.40Al0.18Cr3+0.01Zr0.01Fe2+0.01)Σ2.00B0.94O4 (Balmat mine). The atomic arrangement of a specimen from each mine was determined, and the high-precision refinements provide new insight into the warwickite structure. The M1 site in warwickite is split into two sites to accommodate two occupants with differing bonding requirements; the M1 site contains Mg and the M1′ site hosts Ti, with the two sites being separated by approximately 0.2 Å. The optimized structural formula for both warwickite samples is similar to [M1(Mg0.84Al0.14Ti0.024+)2.74M1′(Ti0.914+Mn0.082+Mg0.01)1.30]Σ4.04M2(Mg0.86Al0.10Ti0.044+)4.00B4O16], demonstrating ordering of Mg at M1 and M2 and Ti at M1′. The site-splitting demonstrates how divalent Mg and tetravalent Ti can exist at a site in solid solution by ordering the two cations at split sites.
Keywords: crystal structure; New York; site-splitting; St. Lawrence County; USA; warwickite

Cultural Resource Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 5058.50.101, NY Route 60, Towns of Charlotte, Stockton and Gerry, Chautauqua County, New York - A. Lynch (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey, PIN 0808.74.101, Drainage Improvements in the Towns of Riverhead and East Hampton, Suffolk County, New York - D. E. Mazeau (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

High variability within pet foods prevents the identification of native species in pet cats’ diets using isotopic evaluation - McDonald, Brandon W.; Perkins, Troi; Dunn, Robert R.; McDonald, Jennifer; Cole, Holly; R. S. Feranec; Kays, Roland (PeerJ, 2020)
Domestic cats preying on wildlife is a frequent conservation concern but typical approaches for assessing impacts rely on owner reports of prey returned home, which can be biased by inaccurate reporting or by cats consuming prey instead of bringing it home. Isotopes offer an alternative way to quantify broad differences in animal diets. By obtaining samples of pet food from cat owners we predicted that we would have high power to identify cats feeding on wild birds or mammals, given that pet food is thought to have higher C isotope values, due to the pervasive use of corn and/or corn by-products as food ingredients, than native prey. We worked with citizen scientists to quantify the isotopes of 202 cat hair samples and 239 pet food samples from the US and UK. We also characterized the isotopes of 11 likely native prey species from the southeastern US and used mixing models to assess the diet of 47 cats from the same region. Variation in C and N isotope values for cat food was very high, even within the same brand/flavor, suggesting that pet food manufacturers use a wide range of ingredients, and that these may change over time. Cat food and cat hair from the UK had lower C values than the US, presumably reflecting differences in the amount of corn used in the food chains of the two countries. This high variation in pet food reduced our ability to classify cats as hunters of native prey, such that only 43% of the animals could be confidently assigned. If feral or free ranging cats were considered, this uncertainty would be even higher as pet food types would be unknown. Our results question the general assumption that anthropogenic foods always have high C isotope values, because of the high variability we documented within one product type (cat food) and between countries (US vs. UK), and emphasize the need to test a variety of standards before making conclusions from isotope ecology studies.

Cultural Resource Archaeological Pre-Reconnaissance Survey Literature Search and Sensitivity Assessment, PIN 5134.48.402, NY Route 5 (Buffalo Skyway) Improvements Project, City of Buffalo, Erie County, New York - D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Architectural Survey, PIN 5134.48.402, NY Route 5 (Buffalo Skyway) Improvements Project, City of Buffalo, Erie County, New York - D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Draft Monitoring Plan, PIN 1007.16.101, BIN 1038070, NY Route 144 over Hannacrois Creek, Coeymans-Bronck House Multicomponent Site (00103.000344; NYSM 12685), Town of Coeymans, Albany County, New York - D. E. Merwin; Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Monitoring Plan, PIN 3806.47.121, New York 49 ADA Sidewalk Replacement, Town of Constantia, Oswego County, New York - D. E. Merwin (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

Cultural Resource Site Examination, PIN 1007.16.101, BIN 1038070, New York 144 over Hannacrois Creek, Coeymans-Bronck House Multicomponent Site (00103.000344; NYSM 12685), Town of Coeymans (MCD 00103), Albany County, New York - Moragne, S. (Cultural Resource Survey Program, 2020)

2020 Brina C. Kessel Award to Corey Tarwater, Ryan Germain, and Peter Arcese - Murphy, Michael T; Gill, Sharon A; Fraser, Kevin C; J. J. Kirchman; MacDougall-Shackleton, Elizabeth A; Oyler-McCance, Sara; Streby, Henry M (The Auk, 2020)
Every 2 years, the American Ornithological Society bestows the Brina C. Kessel Award for a paper published during the preceding 2 yr in The Auk: Ornithological Advances that has made an exceptional contribution to ornithology. The Kessel Award for 2020 is presented to Corey Tarwater, Ryan Germain, and Peter Arcese for their paper, “Examination of context-dependent effects of natal traits on lifetime reproductive success using a long-term study of a temperate songbird,” published in 2018.

Drainage History, Evolution, and Conservation of Tonguetied Minnow (Exoglossum laurae), a Rare and Imperiled Teays River Endemic - Oswald, Kenneth J.; Spinks, Emily; Duktig, Garrett S.; Baker, Justin S.; Kibbey, Marc R.; Zimmerman, Brian; Tucker, Holly; Boucher, Charles E.; Cincotta, Daniel A.; Starnes, Wayne C.; Kiss, Andor J.; J. J Wright; et al. (Copeia, 2020)
Legacies of ancient riverine systems are often manifest in patterns of genetic diversity within aquatic species. The ancient Teays River, a principal drainage of the eastern United States, engaged in several ephemeral connections with neighboring palaeodrainages prior to and during the Pleistocene, when cyclical glacial advance and retreat reconfigured the region's fluvial systems. This study assayed DNA-sequence diversity at one mitochondrial (mtDNA) and three single-copy nuclear DNA (scnDNA) loci from the Tonguetied Minnow (Exoglossum laurae), a species distributed as four disjunct populations, one each within the Upper Great Miami, Upper Allegheny, Upper Genesee, and New rivers. Mitochondrial DNA variation revealed that the New River harbors the highest diversity (h = 0.73) and that the Tonguetied Minnow is composed of two ancient lineages, a Teays River lineage and a Pittsburgh River lineage. Analyses of the scnDNA loci revealed sharing of alleles among populations of E. laurae and between the Tonguetied Minnow and its only congener, the Cutlip Minnow (E. maxillingua), sampled from the Roanoke and Potomac rivers. The probability of interspecific hybridization in the New and Upper Genesee rivers was estimated as 0.16 and 0.34, respectively, but it is likely that some degree of incomplete lineage sorting contributed to these estimates. Probabilities of interspecific hybridization for Cutlip Minnow were 0.62 and 0.65, for the Roanoke and Potomac rivers, respectively, and might reflect ancient hybridization resulting from stream capture events involving these drainages by the Teays River. Management strategies should focus on maintaining the security of the Pittsburgh River lineage in the Upper Great Miami and Upper Allegheny River drainages. Finally, insights into the Tonguetied Minnow's rather convoluted taxonomic history are few, but genetic variation is inconsistent with subspecies status for Tonguetied Minnow in the Upper Great Miami River drainage.

Social Complexity and Settlement in Eastern New York - C. B. Rieth (Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, 2020)
Previous studies have looked at reconstructing social and political systems in the New York. Included among these were studies in the adjacent Mohawk and Susquehanna valleys which show important differences in lifeways. Unfortunately, few studies focused on the Schoharie Valley of New York. By looking at the development over time, I reconstruct past lifeways in the Schoharie Valley of New York. I look at how such materials influenced the settlement and social complexity in the region by looking at settlement systems, subsistence (floral and faunal remains), and interaction over time.

Editorial for Special Issue “Minerals of the Southern Grenville Province” - Robinson, G. W.; J. R. Chiarenzelli; M. V. Lupulescu (Minerals, 2020)
Notable geological associations include mineral occurrences hosted in a compositionally wide variety of igneous rocks including granitic and syenitic pegmatites, anorthosite and related anorogenic plutonic rocks, carbonatites, and iron-oxide–apatite (IOA) deposits. Numerous localities are also hosted in, or influenced by, metasedimentary rocks. Of particular significance are the extensive marble and calc-silicate gneisses of the Grenville Supergroup, including associated skarns and enigmatic calcite vein-dikes. In addition, minerals related to granulite-facies metamorphism, hydrothermal alteration, supergene mineralization, and weathering occur in many diverse Grenville lithologies and/or crosscut them.

Making Native Art Known During Pandemic Times - Gwendolyn W Saul (Practicing Anthropology, 2020)

Description of an Early Juvenile Littlescale Threadfin (Polydactylus oligodon) from Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, West Indies - Schmidt, Robert E.; J. J Wright (Caribbean Journal of Science, 2020)
Larvae and small juveniles of Caribbean Polydactylus species (Teleostei: Polynemidae) are rarely seen. Here we describe a juvenile individual of Polydactylus oligodon, the Littlescale threadfin, collected on Montserrat, Lesser Antilles, West Indies.