Publications

The primary crops of Indigenous agricultural systems in North America in the centuries prior to and following
European colonization were maize (Zea mays ssp. mays), bean (Phaseolus spp.), and squash (Cucurbita spp.). Of
these, charred maize is the best represented in macrobotanical assemblages from open-air sites in northeastern
North America; macrobotanical assemblages in this region consist primarily of charred plant remains. Charred
bean seeds generally occur in much lower quantities and charred squash seeds in lower quantities than charred
bean seeds. Heating taphonomy experiments have been performed on maize kernels and bean seeds to determine
the most likely temperature range for preservation in the archaeological record. Such studies have been lacking
for squash seeds. A series of heating experiments with seeds harvested from fruits of three squash species indicate
that unlike maize kernels and bean seeds, charring does not enhance squash seed preservation. The recovery of
one or a few charred squash seeds from a site likely represents a high degree of use.