Publications

Watsonella crosbyi Grabau, 1900, a senior synonym of Heraultipegma varensalense (Cobbold, 1935) and H. yannense He and Yang, 1982, is the oldest known rostroconch. The species ranges through most of the Early Cambrian and has been recovered from temperate siliciclastic (Avalon Platform) and tropical carbonate (south China, Mongolia?, southern France) environments. Watsonella crosbyi occurs through approximately 880 meters of the sub-trilobitic Lower Cambrian of southeastern Newfoundland. Its lowest occurrence corresponds to the first appearance of relatively diverse small shelly faunas of the pre-Tommotian Watsonella crosbyi Zone (new). The general form of Watsonella crosbyi conchs (laterally compressed, prosogyrate, elongate posterior, subdued comarginal growth lines, very thin shell with anterior and posterior gapes) is similar to that in a number of larger burrowing pelecypods, but this does not rule out other benthic habits. However, recovery of locally common in situ conchs (plane of commissure vertical, long axis subhorizontal) in the lower and upper parts of its stratigraphic range in southeastern Newfoundland corroborates an infaunal life habit for the species. The animal is a prominent element in faunas from offshore, cohesive, siliciclastic mudstones but also occurs in calcareous nodule-rich mudstones, shell hash limestones, and, infrequently, in peritidal algalaminate limestones. A phylogenetic sequence from laterally compressed monoplacophorans to early ribeiroid rostroconchs and leading to the oldest pelecypods was completed by the middle Early Cambrian and involved infaunal mollusks.